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The states most impacted by travel restrictions
States Most Impacted by Travel Restrictions
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The spread of COVID-19’s Delta variant has been a significant step backward in the U.S.’s efforts to fight off the coronavirus pandemic. Cases and hospitalizations reached their highest levels since last winter and could rise again this winter, with large portions of the population still unvaccinated and fall’s cooler temperatures and indoor gatherings approaching.
In response, many jurisdictions returned to mask requirements, capacity restrictions, and other public health measures to slow the spread of the Delta variant, and individuals are rethinking their own behaviors and preferences to avoid the variant.
Delta’s spread has been particularly unwelcome news for segments of the economy that have been hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Early in summer of 2021, when vaccines were widely available, cases were on the decline, and mask requirements were lifted, sectors like travel and tourism, hospitality, and the arts were still hobbled, but a return to normal appeared to be in sight. Now, there is new uncertainty for these industries’ recovery.
Air travel provides one example. The TSA’s daily count of airport travelers plummeted to less than 100,000 per day at the beginning of the pandemic in 2020 and incrementally increased over the remainder of 2020 and the beginning of 2021. By the summer of 2021, the number of air travelers was back over 2,000,000 per day but still lagged behind pre-pandemic levels. However, a recent survey by Longwoods International found that nearly two thirds of travelers are changing trip plans in light of the coronavirus, with one in six postponing a trip until at least next year.
Air travel has been slow to return to pre-pandemic levels
As consumer behavior changes in response to the continued spread of the virus, businesses and workers in travel-dependent industries will also feel the effects. The accommodations and food services and arts, entertainment and recreation sectors each saw their total employment effectively cut in half at the start of the pandemic and have been slow to recover since. Delta’s spread could continue to strain that recovery. And with the recent expiration of expanded federal unemployment benefits, those who are out of work could face even greater economic hardship.
Tourism dependent sectors were some of the hardest hit during COVID
State economies that depend heavily on travel and tourism-related industries could also feel the effects of the uncertainty and caution around the Delta variant. Prior to COVID-19, 15% of Nevada’s GDP and 12.6% of Hawaii’s depended on the accommodation and food services industry, so a prolonged slowdown in travel would have major ramifications for them. Meanwhile, states like Tennessee and Florida that are leaders in arts, entertainment, and recreation have also been hard hit by recent surges in cases and may experience ongoing challenges in the months ahead.
The Hawaiian and Nevadan economies rely heavily on travel
Employment levels and GDP in these sectors can identify which states have been most impacted by travel restrictions—and which may be most vulnerable to future slowdowns. To find the states most impacted by travel restrictions, researchers at CoPilot used data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis to create a composite index based on the importance of tourism-driven sectors to each state’s economy and how much those sectors contracted during the first year of the pandemic. For a more detailed explanation of the factors that were considered, see the methodology section below.
Here are the state economies that have been most impacted by travel restrictions.
15. New Jersey
Photo Credit: Mihai_Andritoiu / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 59.19
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -23.5%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -40.1%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 2.6%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.2%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 7.2%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 2.7%
14. Nevada
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 59.45
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -16.4%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -22.1%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 15.0%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 3.2%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 19.4%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.6%
13. Illinois
Photo Credit: Oleg Podzorov / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 60.73
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -21.8%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -40.0%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.2%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.3%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 8.1%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 2.6%
12. North Carolina
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- Impact score: 60.74
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -22.4%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -33.1%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.5%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.0%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.0%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 2.7%
11. Massachusetts
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 64.54
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -20.8%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -44.5%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.4%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.3%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 7.6%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.0%
10. California
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- Impact score: 68.39
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -21.0%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -37.7%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.4%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.6%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 8.7%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.3%
9. Alaska
Photo Credit: Marcus Biastock / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 71.45
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -24.3%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -35.4%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.8%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 0.8%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 10.3%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.2%
8. Rhode Island
Photo Credit: Richard Cavalleri / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 72.48
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -21.9%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -37.4%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 4.8%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.1%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.6%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 2.9%
7. Maine
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 74.74
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -21.8%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -37.7%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 5.3%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.3%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.0%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.1%
6. Tennessee
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 77.31
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -20.8%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -45.8%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 4.3%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 2.2%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.1%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 2.8%
5. Oregon
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 77.55
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -23.6%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -39.7%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 4.0%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.1%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.1%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.1%
4. New York
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 79.60
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -40.2%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -47.6%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 3.3%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.9%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 7.6%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.5%
3. New Hampshire
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 83.41
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -24.2%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -50.2%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 4.3%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.8%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 8.2%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.1%
2. Vermont
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
- Impact score: 85.44
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -22.5%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -38.8%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 6.7%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.4%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 9.7%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.5%
1. Hawaii
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- Impact score: 91.35
- Change in accommodation & food services GDP: -35.9%
- Change in arts, entertainment, & rec GDP: -38.6%
- Accommodation & food services share of GDP: 12.6%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of GDP: 1.5%
- Accommodation & food services share of employment: 16.2%
- Arts, entertainment, & rec share of employment: 3.5%
